This study examines the interaction between tradition and modernity in Saudi Arabia, focusing on development documents such as "Vision 2030." The primary objective is to analyze the contradictions arising from economic and social modernization while maintaining an authoritarian political structure. The theoretical framework integrates the theories of uneven development, rentier state, and post-Islamism. Using qualitative document analysis (including Saudi government documents such as "Vision 2030," the "Fiscal Balance Program," and the "Quality of Life Program") and descriptive coding, four key themes—privatization, national identity, transparency, and women's participation—were examined.

The findings indicate that showcase modernization projects (such as the NEOM city and the privatization of Aramco) conflict with the centralized political structure and rent distribution system. The study concludes that "incomplete modernization," in the absence of democratic reforms, not only reduces the regime's legitimacy and exacerbates identity divisions but also increases the risk of political and social instability. This study underscores the necessity of redefining the state-society relationship and strengthening accountable institutions for sustainable transformation